@article{oai:kgwu.repo.nii.ac.jp:00000277,
 author = {竹端, 暸一 and TAKEBA, Ryoiti},
 issue = {2},
 journal = {川村学園女子大学研究紀要, The journal of Kawamura Gakuen Woman's University},
 month = {Mar},
 note = {Verbs like the 'be' verb in English express existence of both animate beings and inanimate things, and moreover, they function as copulae to join the subject and the predicate of a sentence. On the other hand, some Japanese verbs like 'aru' express the existence of inanimate things, while the others like 'iru' are used, in principle, for the existence of animate things. Because of this peculiar classification of verbs, learners of Japanese are often puzzled over their choice of verbs. The verb 'iru' and others of its kind, such as 'oru' are used for existing of living beings, but they are, according to circumstances, used even either for taxis standing by on the street or ghosts in the dark who are not 'living' or very animate. These verbs are used, also, in the progressive forms and the forms of continuance for states, too, like 'Mado o akete iru,' and 'Mado ga akete aru.', Verbs like the 'be' verb in English express existence of both animate beings and inanimate things, and moreover, they function as copulae to join the subject and the predicate of a sentence. On the other hand, some Japanese verbs like 'aru' express the existence of inanimate things, while the others like 'iru' are used, in principle, for the existence of animate things. Because of this peculiar classification of verbs, learners of Japanese are often puzzled over their choice of verbs. The verb 'iru' and others of its kind, such as 'oru' are used for existing of living beings, but they are, according to circumstances, used even either for taxis standing by on the street or ghosts in the dark who are not 'living' or very animate. These verbs are used, also, in the progressive forms and the forms of continuance for states, too, like 'Mado o akete iru,' and 'Mado ga akete aru.'},
 pages = {153--168},
 title = {「タクシーがゐる」の文法 : 存在動詞の使い分け},
 volume = {17},
 year = {2006}
}